STONE CARVING: IN CHINESE ART
Stone carving is an ancient activity where pieces of rough natural stone are shaped by the controlled removal of stone. Owing
to the permanence of the material, stone work has survived which was created
during our prehistory. 
Work carried out by paleolithic societies to create flint tools is more often referred to as knapping. Stone carving that is done to produce lettering is more often referred
to as lettering. The process of removing stone from the earth is
called mining or quarrying.
The term Stone carving is one of the processes which may be used by an artist when creating a sculpture. The term also refers to the activity of masons in dressing stone blocks for use in architecture, building or civil engineering. It is also a phrase used by archaeologists, historians, and anthropologists to describe the activity involved in making some types
of petroglyphs.
HISTORY
The oldest known works of representational art are stone carvings. Often
marks carved into rock or petroglyphs will survive where painted work will not. Prehistoric Venus figurines such as the Venus
of Berekhat Ram may be as old
as 800,000 years, and are carved in stones such as tuff and limestone.
These earliest examples of stone carving
are the result of hitting or scratching a softer stone with a harder one,
although sometimes more resilient materials such as antlers are known to have
been used for relatively soft stone. Another early technique was to use an
abrasive that was rubbed on the stone to remove the unwanted area. Prior to the discovery of steel by any culture, all stone carving was carried out by using an abrasion technique, following rough hewing of the stone block
using hammers. The reason for this is that bronze, the hardest available metal until steel, is not hard enough to work any but the softest stone. The Ancient Greeks used
the ductility of bronze to trap small granules of carborundum, that are naturally occurring on the island of Milos, thus making a very efficient file for abrading the stone.
The development of iron made possible stone carving tools, such as chisels,
drills and saws made from steel, that were capable of being hardened and tempered to a state hard enough to cut stone without deforming,
while not being so brittle as to shatter. Carving tools have changed little
since then.
Modern, industrial, large quantity techniques still rely heavily on
abrasion to cut and remove stone, although at a significantly faster rate with
processes such as water erosion and diamond saw cutting.
One modern stone carving technique uses a
new process: The technique of applying sudden high temperature to the surface.
The expansion of the top surface due to the sudden increase in temperature
causes it to break away. On a small scale, Oxy-acetylene torches are used. On an industrial scale, lasers are used. On a massive scale, carvings such as the Crazy
Horse Memorial carved from the Harney Peak granite
of Mount Rushmore and the Confederate Memorial Park in Albany, Georgia are produced using jet heat torches.
Chinese Shoushan Stone Carvings
